Afonso V of Portugal

Afonso V
King Dom Afonso V
King of Portugal and the Algarves (first time)
Reign 13 September 1438– 11 November 1477
(&1000000000000003900000039 years, &1000000000000005900000059 days)
Predecessor Edward
Successor John II
King of Portugal and the Algarves (second time)
Reign 15 November 1477– 28 August 1481 (&100000000000000030000003 years, &10000000000000286000000286 days)
Predecessor John II
Successor John II
King of Galicia
Reign 1475– 1479
Predecessor Isabella I
Successor Joanna I
Consort Isabella of Coimbra
Joanna La Beltraneja
Issue
John, Prince of Portugal
Joan, Princess of Portugal
John II of Portugal
House House of Aviz
Father Edward of Portugal
Mother Eleanor of Aragon
Born 15 January 1432
Sintra National Palace, Sintra, Kingdom of Portugal
Died 28 August 1481(1481-08-28) (aged 49)
Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial Monastery of Batalha, Batalha, District of Leiria, Portugal
Religion Roman Catholicism

Afonso V (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu], originally Affonso) KG (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), called the African (Portuguese: o Africano), was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.

Contents

Early life

Afonso was born in Sintra, the eldest son of King Edward of Portugal by his wife, Eleanor of Aragon. Afonso V was only six years old when he succeeded his father in 1438.

During his minority, Afonso V was placed under the regency of his mother in accordance with a will of his late father. As both a foreigner and a woman, the queen was not a popular choice for regent. Opposition rose and without any important ally among the Portuguese aristocracy other than Afonso, Count of Barcelos, the illegitimate half brother of King Edward and count of Barcelos, the queen's position was untenable. In 1439, the Portuguese Cortes (assembly of the kingdom) decided to replace the queen with Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra, the young king's oldest uncle. His main policies were concerned with avoiding the development of great noble houses, kingdoms inside the kingdom, and concentrating power in the person of the king. The country prospered under his rule, but not peacefully, as his laws interfered with the ambition of powerful nobles. The count of Barcelos, a personal enemy of the Duke of Coimbra (despite being half-brothers) eventually became the king's favourite uncle and began a constant struggle for power. In 1442, the king made Afonso the first Duke of Braganza. With this title and its lands, he became the most powerful man in Portugal and one of the richest men in Europe. To secure his position as regent, Peter had Afonso marry his daughter, Isabella of Coimbra, in 1445.

But on 9 June 1448, when the king came of age, Peter had to surrender his power to Afonso V. The years of conspiracy by the Duke of Braganza finally came to a head. On 15 September of the same year, Afonso V nullified all the laws and edicts approved under the regency. The situation became unstable and, in the following year, being led by what he afterwards discovered to be false representations, Afonso declared Peter a rebel and defeated his army in the Battle of Alfarrobeira, in which his uncle (and father-in-law) was killed. After this battle and the loss of one of Portugal's most remarkable infantes, the Duke of Braganza became the de facto ruler of the country.

Invasion of Morocco

Afonso V then turned his attentions to North Africa. In the reign of his grandfather, John I, Ceuta had been conquered from the king of Morocco, and now the new king wanted to expand the conquests. The king's army conquered Alcácer Ceguer (1458), Tangiers (won and lost several times between 1460 and 1464) and Arzila (1471). These achievements granted the king the nickname of the African. The king also supported the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean led by prince Henry the Navigator but, after Henry's death in 1460, he did nothing to continue this course of action. Administratively, Afonso V was a passive king. He chose not to pursue the revision of laws or development of commerce, preferring instead to preserve the legacy of his father Edward and grandfather John I.

In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V the right to reduce "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in the Romanus Pontifex bull of 1455 (also by Nicholas V). These papal bulls came to serve as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism.

When the campaigns in Africa were over, Afonso V found new grounds for battle in the Iberian Peninsula. In neighbouring Castile, a huge scandal with political and dynastic implications had arisen. King Henry IV of Castile died without a male heir. From his two marriages, only a daughter, Joan of Castile, had been born. But her paternity was questioned, as rumour said the king was impotent and the queen, Joan of Portugal, had an amorous affair with a nobleman named Beltrán de La Cueva. The birth of princess Joan in 1462, openly called La Beltraneja, caused the separation of her parents. She was never considered legitimate and, when the king was dying, no one took her as a serious contender for the crown. Her half-aunt, the future Queen Isabella I of Castile, was due to inherit the crown, but Afonso V was keen to interfere with the succession in Castile. In 1475 he married his niece Joan, La Beltraneja, whom he considered the legitimate heir to the crown. Since her adulteress mother was his own sister, Afonso V had not only ambition, but the family honour to protect. He proclaimed himself King of Castile and León and prepared to defend his wife's rights. After the indecisive Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits. Disillusioned and depressed, he fell into a deep melancholy and abdicated in favour of his son, John II. After this, he retired to a monastery in Sintra where he died in 1481. His death was mourned in the country, by the people who loved the king , and by the nobles who were starting to fear his successor.

Portuguese royalty
House of Avis

John I
Children
   Edward I
   Peter, Duke of Coimbra
   Henry the Navigator
   Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy
   John, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz
   Ferdinand the Saint Prince
Grandchildren include
   Isabella, Queen of Portugal
Edward
Children
   Afonso V
   Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu
   Eleanor, Holy Roman Empress
   Catherine
   Joan, Queen of Castile
Grandchildren include
   Manuel I
   Eleanor, Queen of Portugal
   Isabella, Duchess of Braganza
Great-Grandchildren include
   James, Duke of Braganza, Prince of Portugal
Afonso V
Children include
   John, Prince of Portugal
   Joan, Princess of Portugal
   John II
John II
   Afonso, Prince of Portugal

Marriages and descendants

Afonso was first married to his cousin Isabella of Coimbra in 1447. Isabella died in 1455 and Afonso married again (although not recognized by the Papacy) in 1475, this time to Joan of Castile (known as "La Beltraneja"), daughter of Henry IV of Castile and Joan of Portugal. This marriage was an attempt to inherit the throne of Castile as Joan was the sole daughter of Henry IV. Afonso's attempts to take over the throne of Castile were not successful after he lost a short war with Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.

Name Birth Death Notes
By Isabel of Coimbra (1432 – 2 December 1455; married on 6 May 1447)
Infante João (John) 29 January 1451 1451 Prince of Portugal (1451).
Infanta Joana (Joan) 6 February 1452 12 May 1490 Princess of Portugal (1452–1455). Known as Saint Joan of Portugal or Saint Joan Princess. Beatified in 1693 by Pope Innocent XII
Infante João (John) 3 March 1455 25 October 1495 Who succeeded him as John, 13th King of Portugal.
Joan of Castile (1462–1530; married on 30 May 1475)
By Maria Soares da Cunha (before 1446–?) Daughter of Fernao de Sa Alcoforado, major valet to King Duarte and King Afonso V, and Filipa da Cunha
Álvaro Soares da Cunha c. 1466 1557 Natural son. Guarda-Mor de Peste (Major Guard of Pestilence) within the City of Porto, Lord of the House of Quintas, Sao Vicente de Pinheiro, Penafiel, Porto, Portugal, and Gentleman of the Royal House. First Married Maria Machado and second to Ines da Mota, with offspring.

Ancestry

Afonso V of Portugal
Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy
Born: 15 January 1432 Died: 28 August 1481
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Edward
King of Portugal and the Algarves
1438–1477
Succeeded by
John II
Preceded by
John II
King of Portugal and the Algarves Beyond the Sea
1477–1481
Portuguese royalty
New title Prince of Portugal
1433–1438
Succeeded by
Infante Ferdinand
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Henry the Impotent
— TITULAR —
 King of Castile
with Joanna La Beltraneja

1474–1479
Reason for succession failure:
Joanna's aunt and uncle, Isabella I and Ferdinand V, were proclaimed co-monarchs.
Succeeded by
Joanna La Beltraneja